Announcing GeneFlow 2.0
GeneFlow 2.0 brings sequence data, quality control, haplogroup analysis, phylogenetics, and reporting into one project workspace.
What Is Mitochondrial DNA? A Researcher's Practical Guide
A research-focused guide to mtDNA organization, inheritance, copy number, reference-based analysis, and the evidence …
rCRS vs RSRS: Reference Choice in Human mtDNA Analysis
Understanding Phred Scores: From Error Probabilities to Sequence QC
Mitochondrial DNA Fundamentals
SEE ALL >What Is Mitochondrial DNA? A Researcher's Practical Guide
A research-focused guide to mtDNA organization, inheritance, copy number, reference-based analysis, and the evidence needed for a defensible result.
rCRS vs RSRS: Reference Choice in Human mtDNA Analysis
Heteroplasmy in mtDNA: Measurement, Artifacts, and Reporting
Workflow Guides
SEE ALL >A Practical Guide to AB1 Chromatogram QC
A repeatable checklist for reviewing Sanger chromatograms before accepting an mtDNA sequence or variant.
FASTA, FASTQ, AB1, and VCF in an mtDNA Workflow
Building a Defensible mtDNA Consensus Sequence
How to Read Phylogenetic Trees for mtDNA
Designing a Reproducible mtDNA Analysis Pipeline
Latest Articles
Mitochondrial Haplogroups: Assignment, Evidence, and Interpretation
How mtDNA haplogroups are inferred from phylogenetic variant patterns, why resolution and quality vary, and how to review and report a call.
Heteroplasmy in mtDNA: Measurement, Artifacts, and Reporting
A research guide to what mtDNA heteroplasmy means, how measured fractions arise, which artifacts mimic mixtures, and what a defensible report must include.
Control Region vs Whole Mitogenome: Choosing the Right mtDNA Scope
A study-design comparison of control-region and whole-mitogenome sequencing, including resolution, legacy compatibility, QC burdens, and reporting requirements.
A Practical Guide to AB1 Chromatogram QC
A repeatable checklist for reviewing Sanger chromatograms before accepting an mtDNA sequence or variant.
FASTA, FASTQ, AB1, and VCF in an mtDNA Workflow
What each common sequence format preserves, what it leaves out, and when it belongs in a mitochondrial analysis workflow.
Building a Defensible mtDNA Consensus Sequence
How to combine sequence evidence without hiding conflicts, low-quality positions, or unsupported edits.
How to Read Phylogenetic Trees for mtDNA
A practical explanation of tips, nodes, branches, rooting, and the assumptions behind an mtDNA phylogenetic tree.
Designing a Reproducible mtDNA Analysis Pipeline
The inputs, parameters, versions, and execution records needed to rerun an mtDNA analysis with confidence.
An mtDNA Analysis Reporting Checklist
A checklist for reports that connect mitochondrial findings to sample identity, quality evidence, methods, and limitations.
Data Provenance in mtDNA Research
Why mtDNA results should remain linked to source files, sample metadata, parameters, execution history, and reports.
Role-Based Access for Genomics Projects
How owner, admin, member, and viewer roles support collaboration without giving every user the same level of control.
Checksums and Sequence File Integrity
How cryptographic checksums help detect accidental file changes and strengthen sequence-data provenance.